In response to a recent petition signed by 69 members of the Columbia faculty calling on the university to divest from companies that do business in Israel, David M. Schizer, Dean Emeritus and the Harvey R. Miller Professor of Law and Economics at Columbia Law School, created the following letter opposing divestment. The letter, which highlights the reasons Columbia’s ties to Israel need to be perserved, has gained the signatures of 235 full-time faculty thus far. Fulltext of the letter can be found below: Maintaining Columbia’s Ties to Israel As members of the faculty of Columbia University, we write to express our commitment to the university’s ties with Israel. Israel is a thriving democracy. It has democratic elections, a free press, rule of law, and strong protections for the individual rights of all citizens, including Arabs as well as Jews. Israel also is the home of great universities, a vibrant culture, and an innovative high-tech sector. Given these shared values and interests, Columbia benefits from ties with Israeli faculty, students, research, and technology. For nearly seven decades, Israel has faced hostile neighbors. Rocket attacks, terrorism in the streets, chaos across the border, and the trauma of war are facts of life for Israelis. We wish for a peaceful and just resolution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, just as Israelis do. We appreciate that several Israeli Prime Ministers from across the Israeli political spectrum have endorsed a two-state solution. We recognize that Israel withdrew unilaterally from Gaza, and that Gaza has since become a base for attacks on Israeli civilians. We do not mean to suggest that we agree with every policy of the Israeli government, just as the Israeli people have a range of views about the best path to a peaceful and secure coexistence with their neighbors. Yet it would not be just or principled to respond to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict by disengaging from Israel or from companies that do business with Israel. It would be unjust to blame only one side for this conflict, and unprincipled to single out Israel for this sanction, while maintaining ties with other nations that – unlike Israel – are undemocratic, repressive, and much less restrained in their use of force. For all these reasons, Columbia’s ties with Israel need to be preserved. While we recognize that the University Trustees are responsible for deciding whether to divest from companies that do business in Israel, we write to express our support for these investments. Sincerely, David Schizer Dean Emeritus & Harvey R. Miller Professor of Law Columbia Law School Dorothy Urman Denburg Dean of the College Emerita, Barnard College Ronald A. Feldman Dean Emeritus and Ruth Harris Ottman Centennial Professor for the Advancement of Social Work Education Columbia School of Social Work Gerald Fischbach Dean Emeritus, Faculties of Health Sciences and Medicine John E. Borne Professor Emeritus of Medical and Surgical Research in the Departments of Pharmacology and Neuroscience Glenn Hubbard Dean & Russell L. Carson Professor of Finance and Economics Columbia Business School Zvi Galil Dean Emeritus of the Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science and Julian Clarence Levi Professor Emeritus of Mathematical Methods and Computer Science Ira B. Lamster Professor, Department of Health Policy & Management Mailman School of Public Health Dean Emeritus College of Dental Medicine Nicholas Lemann Dean Emeritus and Joseph Pulitzer II and Edith Pulitzer Moore Professor of Journalism Graduate School of Journalism Herbert Pardes Dean Emeritus of P&S Former VP for Health Sciences and former CEO OF NY Presbyterian Professor of Psychiatry, College of Physicians & Surgeons Richard Axel University Professor Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons Eric Kandel University Professor, Kavli Professor and Director, Kavli Institute for Brain Science Co-Director, Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Department of Neuroscience Columbia University Simon Schama University Professor, Department of History David N. Dinkins 106th Mayor, City of New York Professor in the Practice of Public Policy School of International of Public Affairs Paul Appelbaum Dollard Professor of Psychiatry, Medicine, & Law College of Physicians & Surgeons Awi Federgruen Charles E. Exley Professor of Management, Graduate School of Business Ester R. Fuchs Professor of International and Public Affairs and Political Science Columbia University, SIPA Judith S. Jacobson Associate Professor of Epidemiology Mailman School of Public Health Yitzhak Irving Kalet Adjunct Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University Ran Kivetz Philip H. Geier Professor Columbia University Business School Thomas Merrill Charles Evans Hughes Professor of Law Columbia Law School Robert Jackson, Jr. Professor of Law Columbia Law School Stephanie Neuman Director, Comparative Defense Studies Program Saltzman Institute of War & Peace Alex Dranovsky Florence IrvingAssistant Professor of Psychiatry at the Columbia University Medical Center Kenneth Prager Professor of Medicine at the Columbia University Medical Center Alex Raskolnikov Wilbur H. Friedman Professor of Tax Law, Columbia Law School Philip Hamburger Maurice & Hilda Friedman Professor of Law, Columbia Law School Richard Stone Professor of Law, Columbia Law School Olivier Toubia Glaubinger Professor of Business, Columbia Business School Richard M. Pious Adolph and Effie Ochs Professor Emeritus Department of Political Science, Barnard College Ari L. Goldman Professor, Graduate School of Journalism Joseph Tenenbaum Edgar M. Leifer Professor of Medicine at the Columbia University Medical Center Neil Schluger Professor of Medicine, Environmental Health Sciences & Epidemiology at Columbia University Medical Center Conrad Blum Professor of Medicine at the Columbia University Medical Center Ann P. Bartel Merrill Lynch Professor of Workforce Transformation, Columbia Business School Donald S. Kornfeld Professor Emeritus of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons Jeremy Rosenbaum Simon Associate Professor of Medicine at the Columbia University Medical Center Michael Schudson Professor, Columbia Journalism School Zohar Goshen Alfred W. Bressler Professor of Law, Columbia Law School Helen Towers Associate Professor of Pediatrics at the Columbia University Medical Center Michael Weinberger Associate Professor of Anesthesiology at the Columbia University Medical Center Oded Netzer Associate Professor of Business, Columbia Business School Richard A. Friedman Associate Research Scientist Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center Lecturer, Department of Biomedical Informatics John Mann Paul Janssen Professor of Translational Neuroscience Director, Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division Department of Psychiatry Columbia University Roy Alcalay Florence Irving Assistant Professor of Neurology Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain Jeffrey A. Ascherman Professor of Surgery at the Columbia University Medical Center Cheryl H. Waters Albert B. and Judith L. Glickman Professor of Neurology at Columbia University Medical Center Lynne Quittell Department of Pediatrics, Pulmonary Division, Columbia University Medical Center Deborah Hasin Professor of Epidemiology (in Psychiatry) at the Columbia University Medical Center Trevor S. Harris Arthur J. Samberg Professor of Professional Practice, Columbia Business School Matthew Waxman Liviu Librescu Professor of Law, Columbia Law School Alfred Neugut Myron M. Studner Professor of Cancer Research (in Medicine) & Professor of Epidemiology Columbia University Medical Center Dan Amiram Assistant Professor of Accounting, Columbia Business School Ethel S. Siris Madeline C. Stabile Professor of Medicine at Columbia University Medical Center Richard Deckelbaum Robert R. Williams Professor of Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons Michael R. Rosen Gustavus A Pfeiffer Professor of Pharmacology and Professor of Pediatrics Columbia University David J. Cohen Professor of Medicine at the Columbia University Medical Center Lloyd E. Ratner Professor of Surgery, Columbia University Director, Renal and Pancreatic Transplantation Gerald W. Neuberg Professor of Medicine at Columbia University Medical Center Michael E. Goldberg David Mahoney Professor of Brain and Behavior in the Departments of Neuroscience, Neurology, Psychiatry, and Ophthalmology Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons Lyall A. Gorenstein Assistant Professor of Surgery at the Columbia University Medical Center Shonni J. Silverberg Professor of Medicine at the Columbia University Medical Center Gaya S. Aranoff Professor of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology Columbia University Medical Center Joshua E. Hyman Associate Professor of Orthopedic Surgery at the Columbia University Medical Center Eduardo David Leonardo Assistant Professor of Psychiatry at the Columbia University Medical Center Rina Kreitman Lecturer in Hebrew in the Department Middle Eastern, South Asian and African Studies Haim Waisman Associate Professor of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics Mark Apfelbaum Associate Professor of Medicine at the Columbia University Medical Center Jill M. Harkavy Friedman Adjunct Associate Professor of Medial Psychology, in Psychiatry Ralph Holloway Professor of Anthropology Irving P. Herman Professor of Applied Physics Martin L. Leib Clinical Professor of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center Itsik Pe’er Associate Professor, Department of Computer Science Rochelle Goldsmith Assistant Professor of Physiological Medicine (in Medicine) at the Columbia University Medical Center Ralph N. Wharton Clinical Professor of Psychiatry Attending Psychiatrist at New York Presbyterian Hospital and Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons Rhoda Lipton Senior Lecturer Emeritus, Columbia Journalism School Peter Stahl Assistant Professor of Urology at the Columbia University Medical Center Kimberly Cooper Associate Professor of Urology at the Columbia University Medical Center Arthur Smerling Associate Professor of Pediatrics and Anesthesiology at the Columbia University Medical Center Alan Brott Adjunct Associate Professor of International and Public Affairs Matthew P. Rutman Associate Professor at CUMC Associate Attending at NYP Chief of Urology — Allen Hospital at NYP Director of Division of Voiding Dysfunction and Female Urology Department of Urology, Columbia University Mark Weidenbaum Professor of Orthopedic Surgery at the Columbia University Medical Center Richard H. Kessin Professor of Pathology and Cell Biology Emeritus Steven D. Stellman Professor of Clinical Epidemiology Associate Chair (Interim), Department of Epidemiology Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Oscar Lebwohl Richard and Rakia Hatch Professor of Medicine Columbia University Medical Center Elizabeth Midlarsky Professor, Program in Clinical Psychology Teachers College, Columbia University Milton L. Wainberg Associate Clinical Professor of Psychiatry Director, Global Mental Health T32 Research Fellowship, Columbia University Peter L. Strauss Betts Professor of Law, Columbia Law School Robert Y. Shapiro Wallace S. Sayre Professor of Government Department of Political Science, Columbia University Judith Korner Professor of Medicine at the Columbia University Medical Center, Director, Weight Control Center Samuel Schacher Professor of Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience and Psychiatry Columbia University Medical Center NYS Psychiatric Institute Gregg W. Stone Professor of Medicine, Columbia University Director of Cardiovascular Research and Education Center for Interventional Vascular Therapy New York Presbyterian Hospital/ Columbia University Medical Center Jay Rothschild Assistant Clinical Professor, College of Dental Medicine Lori M. Zeltser Associate Professor of Pathology and Cell Biology Margaret Ellsberg Senior Lecturer, English, Barnard College Eugene Ornstein Associate Professor of Anesthesiology at the Columbia University Medical Center Barry A. Farber Professor; Program Coordinator, Program in Clinical Psychology Teachers College, Columbia University Susan Steinberg Professor of Pharmacology, Columbia University Andrew Einstein Associate Professor of Medicine (in Radiology) College of Physicians and Surgeons Marc Bessler Professor of Surgery at CUMC Chief Division of Minimally Invasive and Bariatric Surgery David A. Klatell Professor of Professional Practice Chair, International Studies Graduate School of Journalism, Columbia University Charles Freilich Adjunct Associate Professor of Political Science Mitchell C. Benson Herbert and Florence Irving Professor of Urology Columbia University Department of Urology LeRoy Rabbani Brian F. Hoffman Professor of Cardiology (in Medicine) at the Columbia University Medical Center Marc Eisenberg Associate Professor of Medicine at the Columbia University Medical Center Myrna M. Weissman Diane Goldman Kemper Family Professor of Epidemiology and Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons Chief Division of Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute Herbert Kleber Professor of Psychiatry Lisa Gordis Professor of English, Barnard College Jonathan Susman Associate Professor of Radiology at the Columbia University Medical Center Stanley J. Schneller Herbert and Florence Irving Professor of Cardiology (in Medicine) at the Columbia University Medical Center Robert Klitzman Professor of Psychiatry (in Sociomedical Sciences) at the Columbia University Medical Center, Director, Bioethics Masters and Online Certificate and Course Programs, Columbia University Jeanne Mager Stellman Professor Emerita and Special Lecturer Department of Health Policy and Management Julia Glade Bender Associate Professor of Pediatrics at Columbia University Medical Center Associate Director, Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Medical Director, Developmental Therapeutics and Precision Medicine (PiPseq) Programs Myron L. Cohen Professor, Department of Anthropology Michael Weiss Clinical Professor of Ophthalmology Director Uveitis Service Columbia University, New York Presbyterian Hospital Judah Weinberger Associate Professor of Medicine (in Pharmacology) at the Columbia University Medical Center Benjamin Lebwohl Herbert Irving Assistant Professor of Medicine and Epidemiology Columbia University Medical Center Steve Mackey Associate Professor of Medicine at CUMC Fred Loweff Assistant Dean for Graduate Affairs College of Physicians & Surgeons Tal Malkin Associate Professor of Computer Science Columbia University Charles W. Calomiris Henry Kaufman Professor of Financial Institutions in the Faculty of Business and Professor of International and Public Affairs Graduate School of Business Steven Landau Assistant Professor of Medicine at the Columbia University Medical Center Paul Diament Professor Emeritus, Department of Electrical Engineering Columbia University Jack Greenberg Alphonse Fletcher Professor of Law Emeritus, Columbia Law School Saul J. Berman Adjunct Professor, Rotter Fellow of Talmudic Law Columbia Law School David S. Dane Assistant Clinical Professor, College of Dental Medicine Philip M. Genty Everett B. Birch Clinical Professor in Professional Responsibility Columbia Law School Paul Glasserman Jack R. Anderson Professor of Business Columbia Business School Jill Shapiro Senior Lecturer, Dept. of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology Columbia University Michael I. Weinstein Professor of Applied Mathematics, Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics and Professor of Mathematics, Department of Mathematics Walter Neumann Professor of Mathematics Barnard College, Columbia University Paul Kurlansky Assistant Professor of Surgery, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons Director of Research, Recruitment and CQI, Columbia HeartSource Associate Director, Center for Innovation and Outcomes Research Lawrence Amsel Assistant Professor of Clinical Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons Hadassah Tamir Professor in the departments of Psychiatry and Pathology and Cell Biology. Oscar Garfein Former Associate Clinical Professor of Medicine, graduated from the college, P&S, MBA, and now Student, College Of Physicians And Surgeons: Institute Of Human Nutrition Evelyn Horn Adjunct Professor Columbia University, Department of Medicine Cardiology Naomi Weinberger Adjunct Professor, School of International and Public Affairs Dana Pe’er Associate Professor, Biological Sciences and Systems Biology Ira Tabas Richard J. Stock Professor and Vice-Chair of Research, Department of Medicine Professor of Pathology & Cell Biology (in Physiology and Cellular Biophysics), Columbia University Warren D. Widmann Clinical Professor of Surgery Assistant Dean, Surgical Education State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center Special Lecturer, Department of Surgery Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons Daniel Bienstock Professor of Industrial Engineering and Operations Research and of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics Ruth Raphaeli-Slivko Retired Senior Lecturer in Hebrew Middle Eastern, South Asian and African Studies, Columbia University Anthony Pucillo Assistant Professor of Medicine at the Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Medicine Cardiology Ruth L. Fischbach Professor of Bioethics at the Columbia University Medical Center Yaakov Stern Professor of Neuropsychology (in Neurology, Psychiatry, the Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center and the Taub Institute) at Columbia University Medical Center Assaf Zeevi Kravis Professor of Business Graduate School of Business, Columbia University Michael Johannes Professor of Business, Graduate School of Business, Columbia University Bruce Kogut Sanford C. Bernstein & Co. Professor of Leadership and Ethics and Professor of Sociology Graduate School of Business, Columbia University Gabriel Weintraub Associate Professor of Business Graduate School of Business, Columbia University Diana Heller Term Assistant Professor, Department of Biology Barnard College Mitchell Berman Professor of Anesthesiology at the Columbia University Medical Center Leonard M. Druyan Special Research Scientist (Senior Research Scientist, retired) Department of Applied Physics and Math, Columbia University Daniel C. Javitt Professor and Director, Division of Experimental Therapuetics Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Aviva Sopher Assistant Professor of Pediatrics Columbia University Medical Center Joel Brockner Phillip Hettleman Professor of Business, Columbia Business School Sigal Trattner Associate Research Scientist, Columbia University Medical Center Henry N. Ginsberg Herbert and Florence Irving Professor of Medicine; Director, Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbia University Ivan Sanders Assistant Professor of Hungarian Literature and Culture, Department of Slavic Languages, Columbia University Frances R. Levin Director, Division on Substance Abuse Kennedy Leavy Professor of Psychiatry at the Columbia University Medical Center Columbia University/New York State Psychiatric Institute Department of Psychiatry Michael Shelanski Henry Taub Professor of Pathology and Cell Biology Co-Director of the Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain Senior Vice Dean for Research, College of Physicians and Surgeons Columbia University Hanina Hibshoosh Professor of Pathology and Cell Biology at the Columbia University Medical Center Marlon Rosenbaum Associate Professor of Medicine and Pediatrics at the Columbia University Medical Center Clifford Stein Professor of Industrial Engineering and Operations Research and of Computer Science, Columbia University Jacob Leshno Assistant Professor Decisions, Risk, and Operations Columbia Business School Nehama R. Bersohn Lecturer, Retired Middle Eastern, South Asian and African Studies, Columbia University Sheila H. Akabas Professor Emerita of Social Work; Senior Research Scientist in the Faculty of Social Work Alan H. Seplowitz Associate Professor of Medicine at Columbia University Medical Center Michael D. Gershon Professor Department of Pathology and Cell Biology Columbia University, P&S Michal Lipson Eugene Higgins Professor Columbia University, Electrical Engineering Department Donald Goldfarb Professor of Industrial Engineering and Operations Research Columbia University, School of Engineering and Applied Science Steven M. Bellovin Columbia University, Percy K. and Vida L.W. Hudson Professor of Computer Science Glen Markowitz Professor of Pathology and Cell Biology at the Columbia University Medical Cente Joseph Richter Assistant Professor of Clinical Pediatrics Department of Pediatrics Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons Yechiam Yemini Columbia University, Professor Emeritus of Computer Science George P. Fletcher Columbia Law School, Cardozo Professor of Jurisprudence Steven A. Kane Associate Clinical Professor of Ophthalmology Kathleen M. Pike Director, Global Mental Health Program at Columbia Professor of Psychology, Departments of Psychiatry and Epidemiology Keren Bergman Columbia University, Charles Batchelor Professor and Chair of EE Department Irina Reyfman Columbia University, Professor, Department of Slavic Languages Sheldon Marc Feldman Chief, Division of Breast Surgery Vivian L. Milstein Associate Professor of Clinical Surgery Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons Ellen Greenebaum Associate Professor of Clinical Pathology and Cell Biology, retired William S. Schechter Professor of Anesthesiology and Pediatrics at Columbia University Medical Center Richard Rosenberg Assistant Professor of Medicine at CUMC Mark Ginsberg Associate Professor of Surgery at the Columbia University Medical Center Daniel T. Williams Attending Psychiatrist, Columbia University Medical Center Special Lecturer in Psychiatry, Columbia College of Physicians & Surgeons Noémie Elhadad Associate Professor, Department of Biomedical Informatics Ainat Beniaminovitz Assistant Professor of Clinical Medicine Division of Cardiology at the Columbia University Medical Center Robert Sommer Assistant Professor of Medicine at the Columbia University Medical Center, Interventional Cardiology Philip Green Assistant Professor of Medicine at the Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Cardiology Jonathan A. Slater Clinical Professor of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons Senior Attending, Consultation-Liaison Service, Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital of New York Brent R. Stockwell Professor, Department of Biological Sciences Department of Chemistry, Columbia University Robert A. Braunstein Clinical Professor, Department of Ophthalmology College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columba University Judith Rabkin Professor of Clinical Psychology in Psychiatry, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia Adjunct Professor of Clinical Psychology in Psychiatry, Weill College of Medicine, Cornell University Jonathan L. Gross Professor of Computer Science and of Statistics Serge Przedborski Page and William Black Professor of Neurology (in Pathology and Cell Biology and Neuroscience), College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia Stuart Firestein Professor, Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia Jodi P. Lerner Associate Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine New York Presbyterian Hospital-Columbia Campus John Donaldson Mario Gabelli Professor of Finance and Economics Graduate School of Business Stanley Fahn Houston Merritt Professor of Neurology Columbia University Director Emeritus, Movement Disorder Division Neurological Institute Monica Reynolds Assistant Professor of Medicine at the Columbia University Medical Center Cheryl Hutt Assistant Professor of Dermatology at the Columbia University Medical School Department of Dermatology Saul Silverstein Professor Chair Emeritus of Microbiology and Immunology College of Physicians and Surgeons Bruce Levin Professor of Biostatistics Mailman School of Public Health Jonathan A. Javitch Lieber Professor of Experimental Therapeutics in Psychiatry and Professor of Pharmacology Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons Ruth Kaplan Treiber Associate Clinical Professor Department of Dermatology Arthur M. Cotliar Associate Professor of Clinical Ophthalmology Jeremy M. Cotliar Instructor of Clinical Ophthalmology Wei Yann Tsai Professor, Department of Biostatistics Srirama Kalapatapu Assistant Professor of Medicine CUMC Kumar Kalapatapu Assistant Professor of Medicine CUMC Richard Kay Associate Professor of Medicine Division of Cardiology at the Columbia University Medical Center Robert N. Belkin Associate Professor of Medicine at Columbia University Medical Center Austin Long Associate Professor of International and Public Affairs School Intl & Public Affairs Andrew Kupersmith Assistant Professor of Medicine at Columbia University Medical Center Alexander Kratz Associate Professor of Clinical Pathology and Cell Biology Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons Flora S. Davidson Professor Emerita, Political Science & Urban Studies, Barnard College Jeffrey Lax Associate Professor, Political Science Richard Osgood, Jr. Higgins Professor, Emeritus, of Electrical Engineering and Professor Emeritus of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics Robert Jervis Adlai E. Stevenson Professor of International Politics Department of Political Science and SIPA Steven Cohen Professor in the Practice of Public Affairs School of International and Public Affairs Melvin B. Weiss Department of Medicine Professor of Medicine at CUMC Martin Leon Professor of Medicine Director, Center for Interventional Vascular Therapy CUMC Jeffrey W. Moses Professor of Medicine,CUMC Richard Robb Professor of Professional Practice, SIPA Richard Roth Assistant Clinical Professor of Medicine Columbia University Medical Center Allen I. Hyman Professor Emeritus of Anesthesiology Columbia University in the City of New York Eric Treiber Assistant Clinical Professor, Department of Dermatology Michael J. Muschel Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine Assistant Professor of Clinical Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center Professional Group: Columbia Doctors of the Hudson Valley Ezra Susser Professor of Epidemiology and Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center Tove S. Rosen Professor Emerita in Pediatrics CUMC Giora Weisz Associate professor at Columbia University Medical Center William B Eimicke Professor of Practice Founding Director of Picker Center SIPA Richard Kroll Clinical Instructor, Emeritus Department of Urology Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons Daniel Wolfenzon Stefan H. Robock Professor of Finance and Economics Columbia Business School Ray Marks Adjunct Professor, Health and Behavior Studies Teachers College Eli Grunstein John and De Graaf Woodman Assistant Professor of Otolaryngology Assistant Director, Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology Columbia University Medical Center