Why does European opinion increasingly hate Israel? I think some reconsiderations may be in order. One starting point is to take seriously, at least up to a point, what post-modern European elites claim about their motives. First, anti-Semitism or Jew hatred is of course operative widely in Europe. But it is not wise to reify it. I am coming to the conclusion that European anti-Semitism is increasingly a farrago of three residual forces: first, Christian Jew hatred which is not to be dismissed as a force, especially in Catholic (and Eastern Orthodox) countries; second, the recrudescence of fascism, which ethnically is more about Muslims than Jews yet does activate some atavistic anti-Semitic memories; third, Muslim immigrant anti-Semitism with is virulent and increasingly influential, yet is still contained within a politically marginal minority community. Second, if these sources of anti-Israel bias are not the chief motivator among European elites of hatred of Israel—which the French Ambassador to the UK a few years ago over wine and cigars called “a shitty little country”— what is? I would say it is the confluence of two factors. The first is primarily leftist “anti-colonialism.” Influential anti-Israel zealots who say they are truly “anti-Zionists” really mean it. They disapprove of Israel as the product of a backward-looking ideology which they dislike both because it is a unfashionably “nationalistic” but even more because it allegedly represents the intrusion of a European national fragment into what should be the post-colonial Mideast including a “liberated” Palestine. Of course, this take denies Israeli and Zionist claims for deep Jewish roots in the history of the Holy Land that predate the modern colonial era by more than three thousand years. In addition to “anti-colonialism,” I would suggest as a second ideological dynamic motivating European elites what might be called “anti-Judeo-Christianism.” European postmodern elites are now monolithically secular and often aggressively anti-religious. It is true that they give the Muslim immigrants a sort of pass, partly because they patronize their religion as an exotic cultural survival and partly because they are afraid of their violence. But their dominant animus is against their own Christian roots and any aspect of traditional culture rooted in Jewish tradition or history. This goes back to Spinoza and Voltaire both of whom used merciless debunking of Judaism—and, in Voltaire’s case, of Jews—as a pivot for their attacks on Christianity. Now, look at the Middle East through the eyes of European post-modernism. Israel should disappear both because it is a nationalist—and religious—archaism and because it is a colonial intrusion. My concept of “anti-Judeo-Christianism” also explains why post-modern European elites are indifferent if not hostile to the plight of Christians in the Middle East. The Mideast Christians are viewed as an extension of European Christianity. This view is a perversion of their long history in the region (just as Judaism’s long history in the religion is ignored or discounted), but it is generally believed nonetheless. The Christians in the Muslim World are an anomaly and embarrassment to post-modern secularists. It would be fine in their eyes if such Christians disappeared—just like the Israelis. I admit that there is an interesting tradition of Arab Christian anti-Israelism, written about by the late Fouad Ajami among others, that has influenced the European Protestant and American mainstream Protestant churches. However, the Arab Christian ideologists are very much, to be frank, useful idiots and cannon fodder in the Muslim jihad against Israel. If and when Israel is destroyed, the Arab Christians will be disposed of next—in fact, it is already happening. Post-modern Europeans would, in that event, view the demise of Arab Christians probably with a shrug. If this analysis is correct, what would happen to Europe’s small Jewish minority assuming Israel is destroyed as a haven? Some would flee to the U.S. (and Canada and Australia). But I would predict that, despite the persistence of virulent anti-Semitism among the Europe’s growing Muslim communities, its dominant elites would, probably, sincerely try to reach out to Europe’s Jewish remnant, perhaps even speeding their integration into Europe’s elites. But this outreach would be to Jews as individuals—not as a people or a religious community. In my view, this would be a horrible outcome (though not as bad as another genocide of European Jewry). If—the Lord forbid—it happens, it really won’t matter much whether historians explain it as the result of anti-Semitism masquerading as anti-Zionism or of “anti-Judeo-Christianism” combined with anti-colonialism.